Examples of these letters from Latvian victims of the Soviet regime are currently being considered to be included in the UNESCO "Memory of the World" heritage list. They measured five to nine inches wide, and consisted of twelve- to eighteen-inch long, overlapping rolls that had been glued together to form longer scrolls. WikiMatrix. Based on its more than 20 years of experience in treating such fragments for preservation in archives and for restor-ation and publication, the group has established a cooperation between the mentioned scholars and institutions, including the associated participants Dr. Fumi Yao (Waseda University, Tokyo), Jaehee Han (Dongguk University, Seoul and PHI) and Dr. Jens W. Borgland (Uppsala University and PHI). Evidence of birch bark for writing goes back many centuries and in various cultures. (Belarusian), русский Professor Braarvig had the privilege to study these methods in Fosse’s studio. [1], The bark of Betula utilis (Himalayan Birch) has been used for centuries in India for writing scriptures and texts in various scripts. The manuscript, the title of which is lost, contains an important work on Mathematics, written in 12th century CE. Its use was especially prevalent in historical Kashmir. The approximately 3,000 scroll fragments are in Sanskrit or Buddhist Sanskrit, in the Brāhmī script, and date to a period from the 2nd to 8th century CE. We found one dictionary with English definitions that includes the word birch-bark manuscript: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "birch-bark manuscript" is defined. The birch bark manuscript. Śāradā manuscripts are mostly either on birch-bark or on paper but Proto-Śāradā palm-leaves are preserved in Tibet. 120 Related Articles [filter] Gandhāran Buddhist texts. They are dated to approximately the 5th to 6th centuries AD, and were written in Buddhist Sanskrit in the Śāradā script.[11][12][13]. (Macedonian), català [2], The British Library birch bark manuscripts were in the form of scrolls. fr Ces manuscrits de la British Library se présentaient sous la forme de rouleaux, très fragiles et déjà endommagés. (Spanish), українська (Dutch), словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ The earliest known Buddhist manuscripts from Gandhara [today N. Pakistan] were written on birch bark. The Core Research Group of the Buddhist Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection (BMSC) has initiated a project on birch bark fragments of the Mūlasarvāstivādavinaya and the Prajñāpāramitā from 8th century Afghanistan. Several early Sanskrit writers, such as Kālidāsa (c. 4th century CE), Sushruta (c. 3rd century CE), and Varāhamihira (6th century CE) mention the use of birch bark for manuscripts. At least five manuscripts (MS. no. It was discovered in Kucha (currently in Aksu Prefecture in Xinjiang, China), an ancient Buddhist kingdom on the northern Silk Road, and is estimated to be from around 450 CE. (Ukrainian), беларуская Viewed 265 times 8 $\begingroup$ Inspired by a question from JLee. The letters are of a personal or business character. Login with Facebook Understanding Birch Bark Artifacts from the Canadian Plateau, British Columbia* Shannon Croft and Rolf W. Mathewes INTRODUCTION S everal birch bark containers and other birch bark artifacts made by pre-contact First Nations have been encountered during archaeological excavations on the Canadian Plateau of British Columbia. Norwegian Institute of Philology (PHI) (Tatar), suomi Birch bark manuscript from Kashmir of the Rupavatra, a grammatical textbook based on the Sanskrit grammar of Panini. 202, mid-13th century, produced by a child. Copyright © 2009-2016 Dribbble LLC. Examples . The longest intact scroll from the British Library collection is eighty-four inches long. The Bakhshali manuscript, an ancient Indian mathematical manuscript written on more than 70 leaves of birch bark, is notable for having a dot representing ‘zero’ in it. [6] Birch bark manuscripts in Brāhmī script were discovered in an ancient Buddhist monastery in Jaulian, near Taxila in the Punjab in Pakistan, and dated to the 5th century CE. Kalzang Tagchungdarpa makes a birch bark manuscript with a reed pen and ink, ancient techniques and materials similar to those used in India as early as the 2nd c. BCE to create texts. (Danish), polski Some papers will focus on the diachronic study of Kashmirian manuscript culture and some will tackle issues raised while studying specific manuscripts for the purpose of editing texts. Agrawal, OP & Bhatia, SK 1981, Investigations for preservation of birch bark manuscripts, ICOM committee for conservation, 6th triennial meeting, Ottawa, September, pp. One more manuscript, written on birch bark in a Buddhist monastery of the Abhidharma tradition, from the 1st or 2nd century CE, was acquired from a collector by the University of Washington Libraries in 2002. Birch trees were widely available and could be easily cultivated. Work to expand the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy has revealed dozens of well preserved skeletons, suggesting that a … Birch bark manuscripts are documents written on pieces of the inner layer of birch bark, which was commonly used for writing before the advent of mass production of paper. [8][9], A large collection of birch bark scrolls were discovered in Afghanistan during the civil war in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, possibly in the Bamiyan Caves. Fifty years ago, a trove of manuscripts written on birch bark was discovered in the Russian city of Novgorod, situated some 200 kilometers south of Saint Petersburg. Sanskrit; Sharada. Birch bark manuscripts are documents written on pieces of the inner layer of birch bark, which was commonly used for writing before the advent of mass production of paper.wikipedia. (French), español inscribed on birch-bark (bhuja-patra) in black ink, typical to Kashmir. It contains a selection of passages regarding ritual practices including the mathapratisthapana (manual for setting up a school or monastery), ritual inauguration procedures, and the agraharapratistha (manual for inaugurating a Brahmin enclave of houses that have been given by a king). Not bad for a bit of birch bark! The document numbered 292 from the Novgorod excavations (unearthed in 1957) is the oldest known document in any Finnic language. Jim … From Birch Bark to Digital Data: Recent Advances in Buddhist Manuscript Research . Willis, Esq: Illustrated in a series of views by W.H. (Slovenian), norsk nynorsk (Esperanto), Nederlands The study on the Mūlasarvāstivādavinaya manuscript is supported by, Preservation, transcription and cataloguing. The birch bark manuscript. 28 × 23 cms Balabodhini, authored by one of the celebrated Kashmiri Pandit, Jagaddhara Bhatta, dates back to 12th century C.E. The manuscript was discovered right in the pavement, in a chink between two blocks of decking. (German), македонски The British Library acquired them in 1994. 2, No.2 The oldest dated birch bark manuscripts are numerous Gandhāran Buddhist texts from approximately the 1st century CE, which are believed to have created in Afghanistan, likely by the Dharmaguptaka sect. At top of page: “[Ca[cut off]ery by N.P. (Italian), беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ (Bashkir), татарча/tatarça Very few documents are written in Old Church Slavonic and only one in Old Norse. 白樺文書 en document written on pieces of the inner layer of birch bark @wikidata. The core group of BMSC consists of, Based on its more than 20 years of experience in treating such fragments for preservation in archives and for restor-ation and publication, the group has established a cooperation between the mentioned scholars and institutions, including the associated participants, The manuscript fragments are going to be sorted, transcribed, studied and catalogued. Birch bark was frequently used in the old days as a replacement for paper, which was—until a few centuries ago—a valuable commodity. Birch bark manuscripts are documents written on pieces of the inner layer of birch bark, which was commonly used for writing before the advent of mass production of paper. A birch bark manuscript from a Buddhist monastery, believed to have been written in the first or second century A.D., was recently acquired by the University of Washington Libraries and will become a key component of the Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project. 1/A1879-80, 1/A1881-82, 331/1883-84 and 5/Viś I) have preserved the complete text of the Rigveda. The strong and water-resistant cardboard-like bark can be easily cut, bent, and sewn, which has made it a valuable building, crafting, and writing material, since pre-historic times. The birch bark of the large portion of the manuscript is of a quality much inferior to that of the smaller portion. The late discovery of birch documents, as well as their amazing state of preservation, is explained by a deep culture layer in Novgorod (up to eight meters, or 25 feet) and heavy waterlogged clay soil which prevents the access of oxygen. One of them is Arthashastra. The preservation of birch bark manuscripts is a new field, but several successful results have been achieved. On February 28, 2019, Dr. Stefan Baums, professor of Buddhist Studies and Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali language and Literature at University of Munich, presented an introduction to his work on ancient Buddhist manuscripts from Gandhāra. Birch bark is still used in some parts of India and Nepal for writing sacred mantras. The Ancient Buddhist Birch Bark Manuscripts Project, MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society. In Ukraine, birch bark documents were found in Zvenyhorod, Volynia. Ask Question Asked 2 years, 4 months ago. About a hundred styluses have also been found, mostly made of iron, some of bone or bronze. Home Reverse Dictionary … Although their existence was mentioned in some old East Slavic manuscripts, the discovery of birch bark documents (Russian: берестяна́я гра́мота, berestyanáya grámota, and also grámota in those documents) significantly changed the understanding of the cultural level and language spoken by the East Slavs between the 11th and 15th centuries. (Norwegian Nynorsk), српски / srpski (Norwegian Nynorsk), српски / srpski Read Wikipedia in Modernized UI. They were very fragile and had already been damaged. (Veps), dansk It is presumed to be from North India, dating to sometime during the first few centuries CE. In its present preservatory endeavour, PHI is thus well positioned to continue working on the birch bark manuscripts of the BMSC, drawing on the results of the mentioned previous methodologies. [1], The texts were likely compiled by the Dharmaguptaka sect and probably "represent a random but reasonably representative fraction of what was probably a much larger set of texts preserved in the library of a monastery of the Dharmaguptaka sect in Nagarāhāra", according to Richard Salomon. Original birch bark pattern paper covered boards, each signed by Abbot on the front free endpaper; rubbing to extremities, some nicks to heads and tails of spines. Buddhist manuscripts written in the Gāndhārī language are likely the oldest extant Indic texts, dating to approximately the 1st century CE. No examples found, consider adding one please. It was compossed by Dharmakirti, a Buddhist monk from Ceylon. Show algorithmically generated translations show . Novgorod birch-bark letter №366, about 1360-1380 A.D. Case of trampled wheat, release. (Norwegian), slovenščina In addition, the project Buddhist Manuscripts from Gandhara at Ludwig Maximilian University is in close collaboration with the PHI project, having studied Gandhara mansucripts for several years, among them one of the British Library fragments as well as the BMSC. (Russian), eesti (Serbian), башҡортса A few documents include elaborate obscenities. Based on the language and content, it is estimated to be from the 2nd to 3rd century CE. (German), македонски Bower found the birch-bark manuscript in 1890 and it was sent to Hoernle in early 1891. People in Soviet forced settlements and GULAG camps in Siberia used strips of birch bark to write letters to their loved ones back home, due to inaccessibility of paper. The manuscript fragments are going to be sorted, transcribed, studied and catalogued. Birch bark manuscripts are documents written on pieces of the inner layer of birch bark—it was commonly used for writing before the advent of mass production of paper. (Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)), norsk (Bashkir), татарча/tatarça Birch bark manuscript 376 Novgorod GIM.jpg 2,173 × 1,956; 1.98 MB Birch bark MS from Kashmir of the Rupavatra Wellcome L0032691.jpg 5,216 × 3,408; 5.91 MB Birch bark N109.jpg 892 × 502; 124 KB It has 13 lines and is 38 cm long. It also includes the oldest written example of a zero, on the page of a mathematical text written on birch bark, known as the Bakhshali manuscript after the Pakistani village where it was discovered in 1881. The Mellon Sawyer Seminar reconvened February 18th [2017] to make palm leaf manuscripts and experiment with writing on birch bark, the substrate used in the earliest known Buddhist manuscripts. Already in 2000 a small material was attempted opened as an experiment, with good results, based on methods earlier employed in Berlin. The Irish language's native writing system Ogham, sometimes called the "tree alphabet", was legendarily invented by Ogma who wrote a proscription on birch to Lugh, warning him; the text of this proscription can be found in the Book of Ballymote. Birch-bark manuscripts found in the 20th century allow looking into remote centuries of our past. (Italian), беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Already in 2000 a small material was attempted opened as an experiment, with good results, based on methods earlier employed in Berlin. … Birch bark manuscripts and arti- facts are however made of the outer bark, specifically the inner layers of the outer bark; the weathered outermost outer bark layer is removed after harvesting. Even today, birch bark remains a popular type of wood for various handicrafts and arts. Turn on. (Estonian), svenska [1] Since 1994, a similar collection of Gāndhārī texts from the same era, called the Senior collection, has also surfaced. [5], A fragment of a birch bark scroll in Sanskrit, in the Brāhmī script, was part of the British Library Gandhara scroll collection. Balabodhini 76.726/2 Birch-bark manuscript 12th century C.E. The birch bark scroll is known as the Bakhshali manuscript after the village, which is now in Pakistan, where it was found buried in Oxford’s radiocarbon dating laboratory announced that the three of the birch-bark folios of the Bakhshali Manuscript could be dated to roughly. Among their authors and addressees of the birch-bark documents are priests, high officials, house owners, merchants, stewards, craftsmen, warriors, women, and even children. We provide advocacy, training, and networking opportunities so that museums and museum professionals may better serve their missions and communities. Work to expand the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy has revealed dozens of well preserved skeletons, suggesting that a necropolis extends beneath the renown museum. Sanskrit birch bark manuscripts written with Brahmi script have been dated to the first few centuries CE. Example sentences with "birch bark manuscript", translation memory. PHI has also, in 2015, cooperated with the paper conservator Daniel Gilberg in his studio in Oslo, who managed to open several fragments. The hole for the passage of the binding string is placed about the middle of the left half of the leaves. Stem. Original text (with added word division): сь урѧдѣсѧ ѧковь съ гюргьмо и съ харѣтономъ по бьсудьнои грамотѣ цто былъ возѧлъ гюргѣ грамоту в ызьѣжьнои пьшьнѣцѣ а харѣтоно во проторѣхо своѣхъ и возѧ гюрьгѣ за вьсь то рубьль и трѣ грѣвоны и коробью пьшьнѣцѣ а харѣтонъ возѧ дьсѧть локотъ сукона и грѣвону а боль не надобѣ гюрьгю нѣ харѣтону до ѧкова нѣ ѧкову до гюргѧ нѣ до харитона а на то рѧдьцѣ и послусѣ давыдъ лукѣнъ сынъ и сьтьпанъ таишѣнъ. add example. With the exception of only a few scripts, all the manuscripts were written on birch bark in Buddhist hybrid Sanskrit language in the Gupta Brahmi and post-Gupta Brahmi script. The first letter of Ogham is beith; beithe means "birch". [3] The collection includes a variety of known commentaries and sutras, including a Dhammapada, discourses of Shakyamuni Buddha that include the Rhinoceros Sutra, avadānas, and abhidharma texts. Richard Salomon discussed the Library's unique Buddhist birch-bark manuscript from the ancient region of Gandhara in modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. Kalzang Tagchungdarpa makes a birch bark manuscript with a reed pen and ink, ancient techniques and materials similar to those used in India as early as the 2nd c. BCE to create texts. Use of bark as paper has been mentioned by early Sanskrit writers such as Kalidasa (c. 4th century CE), Sushruta (c. 3rd century CE), and Varahamihira (6th century CE). Visiting scholar Richard Salomon had given a lecture on these manuscripts the previous day and all were eager to test out this material with newly cut reed pens and ink. The manuscript was transcribed in 1663 A well-known example is the Bakhshali Manuscript, unearthed near Mardan in 1881 by a farmer, and was a collection of 70 sheets of birch bark, inscribed with the mathematical concept of zero - possibly the earliest written recording on the Indian subcontinent. birch bark manuscript translations birch bark manuscript. Translations of the texts, mostly in Kharoṣṭhī, have produced the earliest known versions of significant Buddhist scriptures, including a Dhammapada, discourses of Buddha that include the Rhinoceros Sutra, Avadanas and Abhidharma texts. It was discovered that Buddhism was introduced to the Silk Road in these areas. The Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project was founded at the University of Washington in September 1996 to promote the study, edition and publication of twenty‐seven unique birch‐bark scrolls, written in the Kharoṣṭhī script and the Gāndhārī language, that had been acquired by the British Library in 1994. Match all exact any words . The Bakhshali manuscript, an ancient Indian mathematical manuscript written on more than 70 leaves of birch bark, is notable for having a dot representing ‘zero’ in it. Manuscripts containing the Devīkavaca text, a hymn praising the goddess Durga, were thought to protect the person who carries them from evil influences like an amulet or charm. Guessed translations. (Estonian), svenska It's been variously dated to somewhere between AD200-900. Bartlett.” Hand-colored. A palm leaf manuscript is stiff. Next in date is an old birch bark manuscript of Munimata- mani-mala which is the earliest known Sharda manuscript discovered so far in Kashmir, which dates to 14th century CE. Box 2709 Solli, Telephone: +47 954 01 754 (Veps), dansk According to Valentin Yanin and Andrey Zaliznyak, most documents are ordinary letters by various people written in what is considered to be a vernacular dialect. For details and full text, see Birch bark letter no. Birch-bark letter no. The Bakhshali Manuscript is an Ancient Indian mathematical manuscript written on “birch bark” which was found near the village of Bakhshali in 1881 in what was then the North-West Frontier Province of British India (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, now in Pakistan). [5][15] This practice was first mentioned c. 8th or 9th century CE, in the Lakshmi Tantra.[16]. This placement of the string hole and the oblong form of the leaves point to an imitation of palm leaf pothīs from Southern India by the scribes of Kucā [Kucha]. (Macedonian), català In Belarus, several documents were unearthed in Vitebsk and Mstislavl. [6], The Bower Manuscript is one of the oldest Sanskrit texts on birch bark in the Brāhmī script. Mostly, these manuscripts and documents are either on palm-leaf and birch-bark. A complete set of Abbott's charming "Birch Bark" books, each signed or inscribed by Abbot , with … Dwellers of Novgorod constantly wrote and read letters, tore them up and threw them away, just like we get rid of unwanted or used papers today. (Belarusian), русский (Finnish), Esperanto The manuscripts were written on both sides of the scrolls, beginning at the top on one side, continuing with the scroll turned over and upside down, so that the text concluded at the top and back of the scroll. 100% (1/1) Gandharan Buddhist texts earliest known Buddhist manuscripts Gandharan texts. Next in date is an old birch bark manuscript of Munimata- mani-mala which is the earliest known Sharda manuscript discovered so far in Kashmir, which dates to 14th century CE. Then in 2006-8 the important manuscript of the Vajracchedikā was opened by Brynjulf Fosse, who, with Professor Knut Kleve, had developed methods to open the Herculaneum burnt papyri from the Vesuv eruption. [22] During World War II, propaganda newspapers and leaflets published by guerilla fighters were sometimes printed on birch bark due to shortage of paper.[23][24]. There are birch bark letters written in modern times, most notably by victims of the Soviet repressions. (Polish), Deutsch Drawn by W.H. Email: institute@philology.no, (With MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society), The Core Research Group of the Buddhist Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection (BMSC) has initiated a project on birch bark fragments of the Mūlasarvāstivādavinaya and the Prajñāpāramitā from 8th century Afghanistan. Birchbark manuscript volume, or "rcaka", MSB.83. The language used in the document is thought to be an archaic form of the language spoken in Olonets Karelia, a dialect of the Karelian language. Thirteen contain Sayana's commentary. MS no. The study on the Mūlasarvāstivādavinaya manuscript is supported by The Robert H. N. Ho Family Foundation (American Council of Learned Societies). This was brought about also with the renowned conservator Mark Barnard from the British Museum, who on the invitation of PHI, spent a period in Oslo to work on birch bark manuscripts together with Daniel Gilberg. On July 26, 1951, during excavations in Novgorod, a Soviet expedition led by Artemiy Artsikhovsky found the first Russian birch bark writing in a layer dated to c. 1400. Mark Barnard was the one to open the Kharoṣṭhī scrolls in the British Library, studied by Richard Salomon and his group at Washington University, a project with which the BMSC project is closely associated. In Kashmir, early scholars recounted that all of their books were written on Himalayan birch bark until the 16th century. Palm leaves were used as a substitute to paper, even after paper was available for Indic manuscripts. (Church Slavic), français Active 1 year, 3 months ago. It is an early commentary on the Buddha's teachings, on the subject of human suffering. [14] An example of one of these texts in Devanagari script from Nepal is held at Cambridge University Library (MS Add. The … Transliterations, editions, translations and commentaries will be published subsequently as the materials are ready. (Norwegian), slovenščina (Catalan), italiano [10], The Gilgit Manuscripts were Buddhist texts discovered in the Gilgit area of Pakistan in 1931 and include various sutras, including the Lotus Sutra, along with folk tales, medicine, and philosophy. The text discusses various mathematical techniques. Gyurgiy got one rouble [money], three grivnas [money], and basket [measure] of wheat for all that, and Khariton got ten cubits of cloth and one grivna. They were written on birch bark and stored in clay jars. A birchbark manuscript now being examined by the authorities of the Smithsonian Institute at Washington is likely to change the entire theory as to the origin so far as America is concerned of the Aztecs, held to be the original inhabitants of Mexico. Agrawal, OP & Bhatia, SK 1981, Investigations for preservation of birch bark manuscripts, ICOM committee for conservation, 6th triennial meeting, Ottawa, September, pp. Rudolf Hoernlé (2,194 words) no match in snippet view article find links to article by Hamilton Bower in Kucha (Chinese Turkestan). P.O. (Church Slavic), français Dated to the Gupta era, between the 4th and the 6th century CE, the Bower Manuscript, preserved at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, was written on birch bark in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit using the Late Brahmi script or Gupta script. birch-bark manuscript: Archaeology Wordsmith [home, info] Words similar to birch-bark manuscript Usage examples for birch-bark manuscript Words that often appear near birch-bark manuscript Rhymes of birch-bark manuscript Invented words related to birch-bark manuscript: Search for birch-bark manuscript on Google or Wikipedia. The birch bark scroll is known as the Bakhshali manuscript after the village, which is now in Pakistan, where it was found buried in Oxford’s radiocarbon dating laboratory announced that the three of the birch-bark folios of the Bakhshali Manuscript could be dated to roughly. The oldest Buddhist scrolls ever discovered were made on birch bark and spent two millennia folded in clay pots, in a cave, situated along the northern border of Afghanistan and Pakistan, and now they’re bringing team of researchers “close, very close” to the words of Buddha. Which Birch Bark Manuscript is Genuine? As an example the National Museum has a total collection of twelve thousand manuscripts and one thousand documents which is quite a problem to maintain. In Indian sculpture, a Birch bark manuscript is easily identified by the droop. Birch bark manuscripts are documents written on pieces of the inner layer of birch bark, which was commonly used for writing before the advent of mass production of paper. It also includes the oldest written example of a zero, on the page of a mathematical text written on birch bark, known as the Bakhshali manuscript after the Pakistani village where it was discovered in 1881. (Dutch), словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Dated back to as early as AD 300, much earlier than previously thought, the manuscript shows a dot for a zero in calculations made by merchants. Most of those documents are letters written by various people in the Old Novgorod dialect. suomi The Mūlasarvāstivādavinaya contains the Buddhist Monastic Rules, with its great repository of legends and history, and the Prajñāpāramitā are sutras on Mahāyāna Philosophy and Ethics. The main element of the procedure is a carefully monitored and calibrated process in moisture chambers by which the birch bark folia naturally separates from the bundles in which they are at the outset embedded. (Polish), Deutsch (Russian), eesti (Esperanto), Nederlands The manuscript preserves one of … Birchbark manuscript volume, or "rcaka", MSB.83. Locally, the birch bark was called Bhojpatra in India - patra meaning leaf/bark/sheet in Sanskrit. (Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)), norsk The preservation of birch bark manuscripts is a new field, but several successful results have been achieved. Evidence of birch bark for writing goes back many centuries and in various cultures. $ Inspired by a child North American birch trees and/or dead bark picked up from the 2nd to century! Of Indian Buddhism it has 13 lines and is 38 cm long is of a century... Early 1891 and full text, see birch bark to Digital Data: Recent Advances in Buddhist Research! Several Eurasian and North American birch trees were widely available and could be easily cultivated today Pakistan. Than 70,000 manuscripts and documents are written in the 20th century allow into... ) have preserved the complete text of the Rupavatra, a birch bark for writing goes many! Indian sculpture, a Buddhist monk from Ceylon text of the left half of oldest. 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