There are seven sections: 'modernism' as a term; the intellectual and ... Read full review [117] His output can be crudely described as consisting of sequences or variations on a single motif; beginning with the 1940s male heads isolated in rooms, the early 1950s screaming popes, and mid to late 1950s animals and lone figures suspended in geometric structures. Modernism's stress on freedom of expression, experimentation, radicalism, and primitivism disregards conventional expectations. The name and nature of modernism --The cultural and intellectual climate of modernism --A geography of modernism --Literary movements --The lyric poetry of modernism --The modernist novel --Modernist drama. Abstract expressionism generally expanded and developed the definitions and possibilities available to artists for the creation of new works of art. [25](p131) His work on time and consciousness "had a great influence on twentieth-century novelists," especially those modernists who used the stream of consciousness technique, such as Dorothy Richardson, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf (1882–1941). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. Eschewing objectivity, geometry and machine imagery, they shifted their attention to Nature. Major surrealists include Paul Éluard, Robert Desnos,[80] Max Ernst, Hans Arp, Antonin Artaud, Raymond Queneau, Joan Miró, and Marcel Duchamp.[81]. Critic Martin Esslin coined the term in his 1960 essay "Theatre of the Absurd". This was arguably the founding organization for the German Expressionist movement, though they did not use the word itself. Soon afterwards a group of painters (Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Luigi Russolo, and Gino Severini) co-signed the Futurist Manifesto. [70] Just as cars had replaced the horse, so modernist design should reject the old styles and structures inherited from Ancient Greece or from the Middle Ages. Two other significant Modernist dramatists writing in the 1920s and 1930s were Bertolt Brecht and Federico García Lorca. Henry Moore is one of the most famous modernist sculptors. Important collectors, dealers, and Modernist artists, writers, and poets had fled Europe for New York and America. Central to Freud's thinking is the idea "of the primacy of the unconscious mind in mental life," so that all subjective reality was based on the play of basic drives and instincts, through which the outside world was perceived. This literary movement was driven by a … Sontag, Susan (1977) On Photography, Penguin, London. He related these plays based on a broad theme of the Absurd, similar to the way Albert Camus uses the term in his 1942 essay, The Myth of Sisyphus. [106] While there are significant precursors, including Alfred Jarry (1873–1907), the Theatre of the Absurd is generally seen as beginning in the 1950s with the plays of Samuel Beckett. Like Pablo Picasso's innovative reinventions of painting and sculpture in the early 20th century via Cubism and constructed sculpture, Pollock redefined the way art is made. [59](p43) What, however, can be said, is that it was a movement that developed in the early 20th century mainly in Germany in reaction to the dehumanizing effect of industrialization and the growth of cities, and that "one of the central means by which expressionism identifies itself as an avant-garde movement, and by which it marks its distance to traditions and the cultural institution as a whole is through its relationship to realism and the dominant conventions of representation. One of the most visible changes of this period was the adoption of new technologies into daily life of ordinary people in Western Europe and North America. Anglo-American Modernism: Pound, Lewis, Lawrence, and Eliot From 1908 to 1914 there was a remarkably productive period of innovation and experiment as novelists and poets undertook, in anthologies and magazines, to challenge the literary conventions not just of the recent past but of the entire post-Romantic era. [59](p43–48) [60] [2] The details differ greatly, and the term covers some movements which are somewhat contradictory.[3]. From 1932, socialist realism began to oust Modernism in the Soviet Union;[90] it had previously endorsed Futurism and Constructivism. Among the factors that shaped modernism were the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed by the horror of World War I. It changed art, literature, music, architecture and drama. 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